Seeing REDD
In 1992 at the Rio Earth Summit we thought that saving the Rainforests was the number One Priority.
Early Sixties is when the threat was identified – No Hippy rhetoric but real Earth Science made the people to start protecting this fragile Environments.
Rainforest warriors were creative. Anthropologists and Earth Scientists worked in tandem to save it…
First they tried and used the tribes and the habitats of the Rainforest ecosystem as a first effort to save the Rainforests…
Deforestation is clearly terrible for the living earth – Ask the Yamamono indians to tell their story. Destruction of Rainforest kills people.
But is far more damaging for all species (despeciation), for all the humans, for the wildlife, for the indigenous peoples of the forests, and for the benefits of ecosystem services, which forests provide, such as micro-climates which bring rain and cooling along with protecting soil from erosion.
Even the sense of people going into a primary rainforest and seeing the environment of where we came from originally and visiting the place that was our home for millions of years – the return to the roots, the spiritual comfort and the therapeutic value is immense.
Ask anyone who has been out in a Rainforest – They have been changed.
STAY OUT IN THE RAINFOREST A DAY AND IT CHANGES YOU
STAY IN THE RAINFOREST A WEEK AND IT CHANGES YOUR LIFE
STAY IN THE RAINFOREST A MONTH AND IT CHANGES THE WORLD
But the whole process of saving the world’s Rainforests still seems impossible.
Such a vast undertaking, and the huge socio-economic forces behind deforestation in the developing countries being so intractable, it seems impossible that anything could be done to stop it or even slow it down.
Or so we must have thought…
For more than fifty years we have been wringing our hands.
Things have changed, and the change can be summarised in a single concern: Greenhouse Carbon.
As the threat of climate change has become more and more clear, there has been a growing perception that the biggest benefit of all the rainforests provide; is their function as a giant Carbon Bank.
Carbon storage at that vast scale, is unprecedented. But the biggest danger from the Rainforest destruction is the release of all that carbon dioxide into the atmosphere when they are cut down and burnt. Plus the loss of the recurring Carbon storage benefit in the cycle of the Rainforest’s Life.
Yet this destruction of the Rainforests is happening on a tremendous scale. Mainly slash and burn wildly, is the preferred method to clear cut the Rainforest land and replace the felled giants with GM agriculture, cattle ranching and biofuel cultivation. This is where the issue gets muddied. In the tropical belts, about 13 million hectares of natural forest are being slashed and burned with purpose set forest fires, often running wild for months. Or the Rainforests are cleared through tree harvesting, or chainsawed and burnt every year. But what happens to the soil and for how long does it stay productive? On the average only three years in the Amazonas and a bit longer or even less elsewhere.
Each year an area greater than the size of England or even France represents the total Rainforest land that is cleared through slash and burn worldwide.
Enough to make you mad. Really mad.
THE SIZE OF FRANCE – EACH YEAR – SLASHED & BURNED
This human action is turning the greatest Carbon sink storage known to earth; from saving and storing CO2 at the greatest possible rate in forests – to actually producing about a quarter of the CO2 emissions released worldwide each year. Actually a total of about 6 -7bn tones of CO2 annually.
This is more than the emissions of the US or China, the two biggest carbon emitters; it is nearly 25 per cent of the global total.
This is far more than the whole of the military and transportation sectors combined emissions pollute across the world. And here is the crux of the problem – humongous size of CO2 emissions – which has always been considered one of the major difficulties in dealing with climate change.
The deforestation emissions of Indonesia and Brazil, for example, are now so great that they propel those countries to fourth and fifth place respectively in the world emissions table although, if their places are based just on burning fossil fuels, they are way-way much lower.
But the size problem is also the giant opportunity to climate forcing. Since with a simple solution to the Rainforest problem we can save a quarter of the global emissions – we are on the road to gravy land. The opportunity of saving the Rainforests is so gigantic and the benefits of such value, that no sane method can be overlooked.
This has dawned on some politicians too, as it has become clear to the rest of us that the goal of reducing global emissions by 80 per cent by 2050, is the only hope of keeping the rise in global temperatures to two degree Celsius above the pre-industrial temperature levels.
Although two degrees rise in temperatures is still catastrophic for the Equatorial belt and although it is the Barkely line limit, it can still serve us. The thought of 2 degrees as desirable is a danger in itself now that we’ve woken up. But the same 2 degree Celsius temperature rise seen as the danger threshold will be impossible to achieve without solving the Rainforest problem and it’s resultant emissions.
Coalition of Rainforest Nations, is a grouping of 40 countries with substantial Rainforest holdings from Costa Rica to Papua New Guinea, Indonesia, Brazil, Philippines and African countries like Congo. They proposed that there could be an economic agreement to preserve their forests, when the wealthy nations of the world subsidize them to do so. The idea was met with a few smiles, some encouraging words from concerned politicians but with No dollars and No logistical support of any kind.
Naturally it met with No-success.
This method is known as REDD. REDD stands for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation in Developing countries. It is currently discussed as part of the roadmap and you will be hearing about it at the Copenhagen meetings this December.
For REDD is now a key part of the COP15 climate treaty negotiation process – under which, the developing countries will agree to tackle their own, mushrooming greenhouse gases, with binding commitments similar to those of the developed world; in return for billions of dollars of new aid, through technology transfers, carbon markets and foreign climate aid – flowing from North to South and from West to the East.
The principal objective of the REDD agreement, put forward by the EU, with Britain leading the negotiations, is that all parties should collectively aim at reducing gross deforestation in developing countries by at least 50 per cent by 2020 compared to current levels…
That goal is widely supported by environmentalists. But another phrase in the objective, more supported by tropical nations with big logging industries, is also that “all parties should aim at halting forest cover loss in developing countries by 2030 at the latest”. To decode the text, “reducing gross deforestation” means in essence slowing the rate at which you cut down your virgin, natural forests.
But “halting forest cover loss” means you can cut down the forests but replace them with other trees, so that “forest cover”, the general area covered in trees, remains the same.
These other trees are likely to be commercial monocultures such as eucalyptus or oil palms, not remotely as valuable ecologically, or as a store of carbon, as virgin forest, and although it might be better to have those trees growing than bare ground, many environmentalists would stress that not cutting the virgin forest down in the first place is the best option of all.
The text is still up for negotiation, but the fact that two potentially conflicting stances can be part of the same first sentence of the proposed treaty shows what a difficult matter it is on which to reach agreement.
Even so, both parts of the objective constitute an ambitious aim, and the use of the phrase “all parties” indicates that we are all in this together; if they are going to stop deforestation in the developing world, we in the rich world have got to help them.
One of the key aspects of REDD is that is conceived of at a national level; before, attempts at preventing deforestation tended to be local projects. Now whole countries are being asked to lower their deforestation rates, if we finance it. How are we to do so?
There are three options. The first is to supply substantial new aid funding; the second is to let countries with high deforestation rates generate “carbon credits” from the forests they preserve, which could then be sold on the growing international carbon market; the third is a mixture of both.
Using the carbon market is the most controversial, because some policymakers feel this will provide a vast pool of emissions credits which western countries can buy and thus escape much of the obligation to cut back on emissions of their own.
Brazil’s rule of thumb is that a hectare of forest holds a tonne of carbon.
There are further objections, such as the “permanence” of the forest which has generated a carbon credit by being left uncut. What happens if it is subsequently cut down, or burnt, or even dies off because of climate change?
The carbon market will be an essential tool, not least as the total funding needed is likely to be very substantial.
According to the UK government estimation, this substantial cost lies between $18bn and $26bn annually, with perhaps $7bn of the necessary funding coming from the carbon markets. The rest would have to be found by the developed countries or by expanding the Carbon markets and allowing them to do their job well.
Saving forests is the most critical job today for tackling climate change. The same as it was in the sixties and in 1992. What are we going to do. Without action on deforestation, avoiding the worst aspects of climate change will be next to impossible.
Al this is enough to make you start seeing REDD.
What do you want to do?
Yours,
Pano
What are we gonna do ?
Are we going to wring our hands till we all start seeing RED ?
Or we gonna get off our butts and do something about it ?